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<text id=93TT1843>
<title>
June 07, 1993: Reviews:Books
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
Jun. 07, 1993 The Incredible Shrinking President
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
REVIEWS, Page 69
Books
Blaming the Victim
</hdr>
<body>
<p>By EUGENE LINDEN
</p>
<qt>
<l>TITLE: At The Hand Of Man</l>
<l>AUTHOR: Raymond Bonner</l>
<l>PUBLISHER: Knopf; 322 Pages; $24</l>
</qt>
<p> THE BOTTOM LINE: A myopic, self-righteous take on the politics
of ivory sheds little light on Africa's ecological tragedy.
</p>
<p> The villains of Raymond Bonner's confused rant about elephants
in Africa are misguided animal-rights activists, well-born white
conservationists and elephants. Elephants? Bonner's subtitle,
Peril and Hope for Africa's Wildlife, constitutes false advertising
since the book's sympathies lie with Africans who suffer at
the hooves of elephants that trample crops, destroy property
and kill natives. According to Bonner, elitist conservationists
unleashed these malevolent beasts on hapless villagers when
the World Wildlife Fund and the African Wildlife Foundation
cynically pushed for an international ban on the sale of ivory
in 1989 because it played well with sentimental American donors.
</p>
<p> A righteous populist, Bonner offers up a capsule sketch of awf
founder Russell Train's distinguished lineage that seems to
suggest racism as an explanation for Train's fears that the
Africanization of wildlife staffs would spell disaster for the
game. Bonner recounts a litany of condescending comments made
about the Third World by upper-class Brits, including slighting
remarks made by Prince Philip, an early supporter of wwf. In
his centrifugal anger, however, Bonner never connects these
fusillades into a coherent argument.
</p>
<p> The major point of At the Hand of Man is that conservation efforts
must take account of human needs. He pres ents this as a novel
idea, although the phrase "sustainable development" has been
a mantra for international environmental organizations for two
decades. Still, the best part of the book consists of case studies
of imaginative projects in Namibia, Zimbabwe and Tanzania that
create economic incentives for local people to protect wildlife.
</p>
<p> Unfortunately, these three countries plus South Africa and Kenya
(which by now has been largely reduced to an unruly theme park)
seem to represent all of Africa to Bonner. If he had looked
beyond the English-speaking countries to Zaire and the other
Francophone countries (where the conservationists, though often
white, tend to be field scientists rather than clubby patricians),
he would have seen that without the ivory ban, the slaughter
of elephants would have virtually eliminated the mammal in huge
tracts of Africa.
</p>
<p> Bonner might also have examined what happens to a forest when
the elephants are gone: how some trees disappear while others
close in, pinching off the network of trails used by other large
mammals and reducing the amount of herbaceous vegetation growing
on the ground that provides sustenance for lowland gorillas
and other creatures. For millions of years, elephants have opened
African forests, fostering conditions beneficial to other large
mammals. Bonner, who tends to view elephants solely as a resource
for humans to use, never raises the question of whether Africa's
ecosystems can survive without this animal that once so dominated
the landscape.
</p>
<p> After writing for 285 pages about the evils of the ivory ban,
Bonner, in his epilogue, finally acknowledges the ethical considerations
that make conservation choices in Africa so agonizing. "I could
accept the ivory ban," he writes. "Elephants are sentient animals:
they form family relationships, grieve over the death of relatives...It is painful, the thought of killing one of these creatures
just to make a profit from ivory, but the poverty of Africans
is just as painful." These heartfelt sentences redeem the myopia
of At the Hand of Man, but the book does little else to help
readers understand the ecological tragedy unfolding in Africa.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>